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Iconographies > Forte de Vera Cruz do Itapecuru - 007600
"Arx Montis Calvariae" (Forte do Monte Calvário). Gravura sobre papel, Georg Marcgraf, 1647, dims. 51 cm x 41 cm. Acervo: Nationaal Archief, The Hague, inv. nr. VEL0720. Apud: Atlas of Mutual Heritge, n.º AMH-7510-KB.Licença: Domínio Público (Autor falecido há mais de 70 anos). - Date: 1647
O Forte de Vera Cruz de Itapecuru, hoje em ruínas, está localizado na margem esquerda da foz do rio Itapecuru, antiga Calvário do Itapecuru, hoje município de Icatu, no litoral do Estado do Maranhão.
MARQUES (1970) refere uma disputa política como pano de fundo para a fundação deste forte, apoiado em BERRETO (Anais Históricos), que refere a chegada de Bento Maciel Parente à cidade de Belém do Pará, e "ardendo nos desejos de ocupar o governo da Capitania, intentou lograr as suas esperanças pelos meios ilícitos das alterações do sossego público; mas o Capitão-mor Pedro Teixeira, que era tão valoroso como acautelado, desenganou de sorte as suas pretensões, que se recolheu logo ao Maranhão, onde fundou um forte no rio Itapicuru". Completa a informação referindo que Pedro Teixeira ergueu o forte em 1620, para defesa contra os ataques indígenas, que embaraçavam o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar (op. cit., p. 284).
No contexto da Guerra Holandesa (1630-54), foi ocupado quando da conquista holandesa de São Luís (25/nov/1641). As versões para o fato são diferentes:
A historiografia brasileira reporta que, naquele momento, os conquistadores holandeses fintaram os cinco proprietários de engenhos na ribeira do Itapicuru em cinco mil arrôbas de açúcar, e que, com o produto destas, reedificaram e alargaram este forte, então desguarnecido e em ruínas (MARQUES, 1970:284).
A historiografia holandesa reporta que: "(...) Na terra firme existiam alguns [engenhos] em Itapecuru. Os moradores deste lugar, prometendo fidelidade à Companhia [das Índias Ocidentais] e passando-lhe à jurisdição, abriram o seu forte ao capitão Schadde." (BARLÉU, 1974:233).
As fontes holandesas referem que a ocupação não foi pacífica:
"Tinha-se informado [em Pernambuco] com certeza que o Maranhão sacudira o nosso jugo; que portugueses e brasileiros, mancomunados para tamanho crime, tinham trucidado com abominável ousadia, os soldados holandeses, que nada esperavam e, ocupando o forte do Calvário às margens do Itapecuru, sitiavam a cidade de São Luís, onde praticavam todas as violências da guerra; que os sitiados necessitavam de socorro imediato, porque, vencida a cidade, periclitaria a província. Os governadores de Pernambuco, (...) logo mandaram para lá, com trezentos soldados e duzentos índios conscritos no Ceará, o tenente-coronel Hinderson, para que, subjugados os cabeças da rebelião, restabelecesse ele a ordem e fizesse voltar o amor da obediência.
Atacando o inimigo com essa força, expulsou-o da sua trincheira, mas quando investiu o reduto maior, foi coagido, após acesa refrega, a bater em retirada, indo acampar alí perto. Os inimigos, por terem morrido os primeiros dos seus, sairam da ilha durante a noite inteira, e assentaram os arraiais no continente, à beira do rio, no lugar onde as gargantas dos montes fechavam as entradas. O exército deles compunha-se de setecentos homens, entre portugueses e mestiços, e mais três mil índios." (BARLÉU, 1974:250-251).
Quando da contra-ofensiva portuguesa de 1644 em Pernambuco, Antônio Muniz Barreiros, reforçado por tropas de Antônio Teixeira de Melo atacam o Forte de São Luís (fev/1644), mas são rechaçados, perecendo o primeiro. Teixeira de Mello recua e toma o Forte do Calvário (01/out/1644), que se encontrava guarnecido por um destacamento de 70 homens, artilhado com oito peças. Após a conquista, essa artilharia foi retirada para tomar parte na reconquista de São Luís (GARRIDO, 1940:38-39). Teixeira de Mello prosseguiu fazendo uma campanha de emboscadas, até que, fortalecido, marcha sobre São Luís, conquistando-a, e expulsando os holandeses.
Durante o governo de Francisco de Sá de Menezes, o Forte da Vera Cruz, ou Forte do Calvário, foi reedificado em 1682, à custa de João de Souza Soleima, com a intenção de levantar uma Casa-forte para defesa dos ataques indígenas, sob a invocação do Santo Cristo da Serra de Semide (Forte do Santo Cristo), da qual não restam vestígios (MARQUES, 1970:284).
O Ofício de 21/jan/1777, do Governador Joaquim de Mello Póvoas ao Sr. Martinho de Mello e Castro, informa que este forte estava artilhado com seis peças (MARQUES, 1970:284).
O Relatório de 21/mar/1797 sobre as fortalezas de São Luís, pelo Ajudante de Ordens Luís Antônio Sarmento da Maia para o Governador da Capitania, D. Fernando Antônio de Noronha (1792-98), informa: "Este forte, que defende a ribeira do Itapicuru deve ser reedificado e guarnecido de artilharia, por ser um lugar forte e único, onde os defensores desta cidade se podem fazer fortes no caso de ser esta tomada." (MARQUES, 1970:284).
O mesmo autor cita o Roteiro da viagem que fez às fronteiras da Capitania do Maranhão e de Goiás no ano de 1815, do Capitão Francisco de Paula Ribeiro, que afirma que ainda então se divisavam "os fragmentos de um pequeno fortim, que há poucos anos acabou de se arruinar, tendo sido grande prudência o haver-se conservado, coisa que custava bem pouco, como chave dos sertões da Capitania por aquele lado, pois que no caso de futuras precisões o auxílio da referida Capitania não permitiria passar por ali contra a vontade de qualquer pequena guarnição, que ali tivesse o mais pequeno barco de pescadores." (op. cit., p. 284-285).
Foi avaliada em 20:000$000 réis perante o Juízo Municipal do termo do Rosário (16/abr/1836). No contexto da Balaiada (1838-41), o 1º Tenente de Engenheiros João Vito Vieira da Silva, encarregado pela Presidência da Província da fortificação da Vila do Rosário, uma légua acima, no curso do rio, procedeu à reconstrução do Forte da Vera Cruz em 1840. Reconstruiu o portão principal, que não tinha coxia, ergueu uma dependência para Oficial inferior, o Corpo da Guarda, Casa do Comandante e Armazém da Pólvora, calçou a praça superior, ergueu duas paredes para conter o aterro desta praça, e duas plataformas para artilharia, tendo gasto apenas 2:728$980 réis, pelo que recebeu elogio do Marquês de Caxias, então Presidente e Comandante das Armas da Província (MARQUES, 1970:285).
Estava relacionada entre os Próprios Nacionais, assim descrita nos livros da Tesouraria Geral:
"Forte da Vera Cruz de pedra e cal, situado na margem esquerda do [rio] Itapicuru, distrito da vila do Rosário, tem 80 braças de frente, norte a sul, além dos vãos compreendidos em duas circunferências de 180 palmos cada uma, ocupadas por dois baluartes, que guardam duas praças de armas, e 23 [braças] de fundo, leste a oeste, cuja muralha tem sete palmos de grossura e o parapeito três.
Uma das praças de armas tem 80 palmos de comprimento sobre 69 de largo, entre dois baluartes semi-circulares de 188 palmos de circunferência cada um, e a outra 80 palmos de comprido sobre 58 de largo entre outros dois baluartes semi-circulares de de 44 palmos de circunferência cada um, com dois armazéns de 33 palmos de comprido sobre 21 de largo cada um entre as ditas praças de armas, com uma casa de 78 palmos de comprido sobre 32 de largo por trás da segunda praça de armas, dividida em três quartos, dos quais um serve de Capela, outro de Prisão, e outro com mirante para aquartelamento com outra pequena praça de 22 palmos." (apud MARQUES, 1970:285).
De acordo com BARRETTO (1958) as suas ruínas se encontravam, à época (1958), "afogadas na mata" (op. cit., p. 16).
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