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Iconographies > Fort of São João da Junqueira - 006211
Forte de São João da Junqueira, Lisboa. Foto-Postal, autor desconhecido, s.d. (a. 1918).Licença: Domínio Público (Autor falecido há mais de 70 anos). - Date: 1918
O "Forte de São João da Junqueira”, também referido apenas como “Forte da Junqueira”, localizava-se na atual freguesia de Parque das Nações, concelho e distrito de Lisboa, em Portugal.
Situava-se sobre o areal da Junqueira, com a sua frente voltada para o rio Tejo, atual Avenida da Índia, a leste do edifício da Cordoaria Nacional, em terreno onde hoje se situam a Rua Mécia Mouzinho de Albuquerque e a Feira Internacional de Lisboa (FIL).
História
No contexto da Guerra da Restauração (1640-1668) terá sido erguido por determinação do Conselho de Guerra de João IV de Portugal (1640-1656), possivelmente após 1649, com a função de reforço da defesa marítima da capital.
O plano então formulado para defesa do porto de Lisboa e da barra do rio Tejo compreendia a construção de um sistema constituído por um cordão de pequenos fortes marítimos sobre as enseadas arenosas entre Xabregas e o cabo da Roca.
Esse sistema de defesa marítima da capital dividia-se em três subsistemas:
1. As “Repartições de Lisboa”, nas margens norte e sul do Tejo;
2. Cascais, dividido entre a "parte de dentro" e a "parte de fora" da barra; e
3. Setúbal.
A "Repartição de Cascais", nomeadamente a "parte de dentro", compreendia uma torre, duas fortalezas e 20 fortes, entre eles o "Forte de São João da Junqueira" e o "Forte de São Pedro de Belém" (também referido como “Forte da Estrela”).
De acordo com uma carta dirigida a D. João IV, D. António Luís de Meneses, 3.º conde de Cantanhede, declarava-se pronto a iniciar as fortificações da parte ribeirinha da cidade.
De pequenas dimensões, as suas obras estariam praticamente concluídas em 1666, quando contava com uma bateria voltada ao Tejo e a edificação de serviço pelo lado de terra.
Sucessivamente reforçado e ampliado, terá sido sob o reinado de José I de Portugal (1750-1777) que atingiu as suas maiores dimensões. Neste momento, sob a égide do marquês de Pombal, as suas dependências foram convertidas em prisão do Estado, adquirindo sinistra reputação. Aqui estiveram detidos numerosos plebeus e nobres, nomeadamente quando do processo dos Távora, com destaque para D. João de Almeida Portugal, 4.º conde de Assumar e 2.º marquês de Alorna (1726-1802) e D. Martinho Mascarenhas, 6.º e último marquês de Gouveia. O primeiro aqui esteve detido por 18 anos, tendo nos legado uma breve relação intitulada “As prisões da Junqueira, durante o ministério do marquês de Pombal”, publicada conforme o original por José de Sousa Amado, presbítero secular (Lisboa, 1857). Inédita durante 70 anos, dela surgiram várias cópias com títulos como “Relação dos presos do forte da Junqueira” e outros. Os presos de Estado detidos na Junqueira apenas foram libertados com a morte de D. José I (24 de fevereiro de 1777) e a ascensão ao trono de Maria I de Portugal (1777-1816).
Em 1763 existiam para leste da "Torre de Belém” 12 fortificações ribeirinhas (“Mapa de Portugal Antigo e Moderno (Vol. 2)”, do Pe. João Baptista de Castro), entre elas, o "Forte de São João da Junqueira".
Por carta de 1796 do príncipe-regente D. João (futuro João VI de Portugal), foi criada "nas casas e armazéns do Forte de São João da Junqueira" um "porto franco", a iniciar as suas atividades a 1 de janeiro de 1797, num edifício acrescentado e desenhado pelo arquiteto genovês Francesco Saverio Fabri (posteriormente responsável pela remodelação do projeto do Palácio Nacional da Ajuda).
Em 1806 o "Porto Franco" foi extinto, por se ter tornado "casa de contrabando público". O edifício do areal da Junqueira, permaneceu abandonado durante anos, vindo posteriormente a servir de Posto da Guarda Fiscal.
Muito modificado, o forte chegou ao século XX, tendo sido demolido em 20 de março de 1940, quando da abertura da "Avenida da Índia", nos trabalhos preparatórios dos acessos à "Exposição do Mundo Português".
A sua demolição foi anunciada pelo periódico lisboeta "Diário de Notícias" de 23 de novembro de 1939, em matéria de Nogueira de Brito, sob o título “A Junqueira de outros tempos e o Forte de São João que vai a demolir”.
Características
Exemplar de arquitetura militar, seiscentista, abaluartado.
À época Pombalina o forte-prisão contava com três pavimentos abaixo do solo, afirmando-se que o mais profundo era utilizado como cemitério, ali sendo sepultados os que não resistiam ao cativeiro. Os demais pavimentos funcionavam como cárceres.
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