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Iconographies > Fort of Olheiros - 008966
Forte dos Olheiros, desenho aguarelado, s.a., s.d.Licença: Domínio Público (Autor falecido há mais de 70 anos). - Date: 1810
O “Forte dos Olheiros” (“Obra Militar n.º 23”), também referido como “Reduto dos Olheiros”, “Forte do Canudo” e “Reduto do Canudo”, mas oficialmente localiza-se na freguesia de União das Freguesias de Torres Vedras (São Pedro, Santiago, Santa Maria do Castelo e São Miguel) e Matacães, concelho de Torres Vedras, distrito de Lisboa, em Portugal.
Situa-se no topo de um dos morros que bordejam o vale de Torres Vedras, próximo ao Forte de São Vicente.
História
No contexto da Guerra Peninsular (1808-1814), os trabalhos no forte devem ter-se desenvolvido em 1809, à semelhança do vizinho Forte de São Vicente (Obra Militar n.º 20, n.º 21 e n.º 22).
Tal como as restantes fortificações das Linhas de Torres foi desguarnecido e desartilhado em 1818.
Em 1829 o capitão britânico John Thomas Jones, do Corps of Royal Engineers, recordou que, à época do conflito, a guarnição deste forte seria de 180 soldados, artilhado com 4 peças do calibre 9 e 3 do 6.
Em 1895 um mapa militar refere a designação do local como "Monte do Canudo".
Em 1957 teve lugar uma intervenção de restauro integral do forte pelo Regimento de Engenharia, sob a direção do coronel Baptista, com o apoio financeiro da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
Em maio de 1980 R. W. Bremner visitou o forte, que se encontrava restaurado e bem conservado.
A Câmara Municipal de Torres Vedras procedeu, com o apoio da Escola Prática de Infantaria, a uma campanha de limpeza completa da vegetação do forte (2001).
De março a outubro de 2011 o forte foi intervencionado no âmbito do projeto “Rota Histórica das Linhas Defensivas de Torres”, levado a cabo pela Plataforma Intermunicipal para as Linhas de Torres, ao custo de 356.149,71 euros, comparticipado pelos Mecanismos Financeiros do Espaço Económico Europeu e da Noruega (EEA Grants e Norway Grants). Os trabalhos incluíram prospeção arqueológica, consolidação estrutural, refechamento de juntas, reconstrução pontual dos muros, desobstrução do fosso e das canhoeiras, reconstituição dos traveses, reparos gerais e limpeza, tratamento da envolvência com abate de árvores de grande porte, e recuperação do paiol.
Os depósitos municipais de água existentes perto do forte foram dissimulados mediante uma estrutura em madeira, que se assumiu como uma vedação.
A zona de receção de visitantes tomou a forma de uma praceta, a partir da qual desenvolve-se uma rampa em direção à entrada do forte.
No tocante ao projeto museográfico da intervenção, foi estipulada a criação de ambientes cénicos (um soldado no través de entrada do forte, um conjunto de artilheiros a operar um canhão e a recriação de um paiol a partir de um moinho existente).
Junto ao caminho de acesso ao forte foram concebidas duas zonas de estacionamento.
A Câmara Municipal de Torres Vedras propôs a classificação do imóvel em 6 de junho de 1977, datando de 15 de setembro desse mesmo ano o despacho de abertura do processo de classificação pelo vice-presidente do Instituto Português do Património Arquitetónico (IPPAR).
A 15 de setembro de 2005 foi emitido despacho de abertura de classificação das Obras Militares sitas nos concelhos de Loures, Mafra, Sobral de Monte Agraço, Torres Vedras e Vila Franca de Xira, no distrito de Lisboa (46 obras militares).
No ano seguinte (2006) foi formulada proposta de classificação do forte como Imóvel de Interesse Público pela DRLisboa (11 de março); em maio, a Direcção-Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (DGEMN) procedeu a elaboração da Carta de Risco do imóvel; a 11 de outubro foi emitido parecer favorável à classificação do forte pelo Conselho Consultivo do IPPAR, homologado por despacho da então Ministra da Cultura, por despacho de 28 de janeiro de 2008.
Encontra-se classificado como Imóvel de Interesse Público, pela Portaria n.º 1.156/2009, publicada no Diário da República, 2.ª série, n.º 212 de 2 novembro de 2009. Está incluído na Zona Especial de Proteção da Capela e Forte de São Vicente, e da Ermida de Nossa Senhora do Ameal.
Foi declarado em Vias de Classificação, incluído no processo da “1.ª e 2.ª Linhas de Defesa a Norte de Lisboa durante a Guerra Peninsular, também conhecidas como Linhas de Torres, nos concelhos de Arruda dos Vinhos, Loures, Mafra, Sobral de Monte Agraço, Torres Vedras e Vila Franca de Xira, no distrito de Lisboa” (128 obras militares), pelo anúncio n.º 12/2013, publicado no Diário da República, 2.ª Série, n.º 9, de 14 de janeiro.
O conjunto das fortificações das Linhas de Torres Vedras foi declarado património nacional pela Direção-Geral do Património Cultural (DGPC) no dia 1 de março de 2018, sendo classificado como Monumento Nacional em 21 de março de 2019.
Características
Exemplar de arquitetura militar, oitocentista, de enquadramento rural, isolado, na cota de 105 metros acima do nível do mar. É o ponto mais a norte da 1.ª Linha do sistema defensivo das Linhas de Torres Vedras - entre Alhandra e a Foz do Sisandro -, sendo fronteiro ao vasto complexo fortificado do Forte de São Vicente, considerado o mais importante das Linhas.
Apresenta planta no formato de um heptágono irregular, com c. 45 metros de comprimento por c. 19 metros de largura máxima, muito semelhante (apesar da menor dimensão) à do Reduto n.º 14 (Forte do Alqueidão). Em seu interior, foi reaproveitado como paiol um antigo moinho no local, recoberto hoje por uma laje de betão armado, aplicada em data desconhecida.
É envolvido por um fosso bem marcado e profundo, com revestimento de pedra, sobre o qual existe um passadiço dando acesso ao interior do forte. A fortificação é circundada por muralha num perímetro de c.1.500 metros, com escarpa em alvenaria de pedra bem conservada, de 2 metros de altura, e barreira de proteção na entrada (original). Nas cortinas contam-se 11 canhoneiras, com plataformas para peças de artilharia pavimentadas por lajetas com pendente, de forma a contrabalançar a reação do tiro; serviriam 7 peças de artilharia.
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