Colonia del Sacramento, Colonia - Uruguay
La Plaza Fuerte de Colonia del Sacramento se localizaba en la margen izquierda del Río de la Plata, en la actual ciudad de Colonia del Sacramento, Departamento de Colonia, Uruguay. Era frontera con Buenos Aires en la margen derecha del río.
Remonta la fundación de Colonia del Santísimo Sacramento por fuerzas portuguesas en 1680.
El área del primitivo establecimiento portugués (el llamado casco antiguo) integra el Centro Histórico, clasificado desde 1995 por la UNESCO como Patrimonio de la Humanidad, gracias a su combinación de elementos portugueses, español y post colonial.
El territorio que controlaba fué la causa de un extenso período de conflictos de límites entre Portugal y España en el estuario del Plata, así como de construcción de decenas de fortificaciones por las dos coronas ibéricas a lo largo del siglo XVIII.
Historia
Antecedentes
El Río de la Plata constituíase en una puerta de entrada alternativa para las riquezas de Perú y de Bolivia, y de ese modo, el punto mas importante de la costa meridional de América del Sur. De acuerdo con los términos del Tratado de Tordesillas (1494), le región pertenecía a España. Entretanto, valiéndose de las imprecisiones del tratado y de los métodos de medición de la época, en el inicio del siglo XVI la diplomacia portuguesa luchaba para imponer la teoría de "Isla Brasil", según el cual la posesión portuguesa en América debería ser limitada al norte por el cauce del río Amazonasy al sur por el cauce del del Plata, un poco al oeste de donde se erguiría Colonia del Sacramento. Esta región era el destino de la expedición de Martín Afonso de Souza (1530-1532), que aqui vino a naufragar. Para España este territorio integraba la Gobernación del Río de la Plata.
Las pincipales divergencias entre las Coronas Ibéricas sobre el asunto eran:
Portugal pretendía que las 370 leguas debían ser medidas a partir de la Isla de San Antonio de Cabo Verde, al momento que España sustentaba que debería ser a partir de la Isla de San Nicolás.
Portugal defendía como base un mapa de Juan Teixeira, por el cual, si l amediación se hiciese a partir de la Isla de San Nicolás, la línea de Tordesillas debería pasar a 19 leguas al este de Colonia del Sacramento, entretanto, si fuese hecha a partir de la Isla de San Antonio, debería pasaqr a 13 leguas al oeste de Colonia. En la ëpoca de la Dinastía Filipina (1580-1640), esa cuestión dejó d etener interés: intensas ligaciones e intereses comerciales pasaron a aproximar el sul de Brasil a la región del Plata.
La Colonia del Santísimo Sacramento.
Con la restauración portuguesa (1640), era importante encontrar una solución para la crísis económica portuguesa de la segunda mitad del siglo XVII, ante el declive del precio de azúcar en el mercado internacional, la presión de los intereses comerciales de la burguesía inglesa para garantirel acceso al mercado para los productos ingleses y la pérdida delas colonias portuguesas en Oriente.
A nivel local, los habitantes de las llamadas "Capitanias de Abajo" del Estado de Brasil, nominadamente los de Sao Paulo, se resistiran a abrir la mano con sus lucrativas conexiones platinas: el envío para la amércica Española, de productos brasileros como azúcar, tabaco, algodón y las manufacturas europeas, en cambio por la plata peruana constituíanse en expresiva fuente de rendimiento.
El establecimiento de una Colonia en el Plata atendía a los intereses de la burguesía mercantil portuguesa, interesada en recuperar el contrabando en la región: el intercambio con Buenos Aires. Adicionalmente había interés en extender las fronteras meridionales de Brasil hasta el Plata y determinar al Gobernador y Capitán Mayor de la capitanía de Rio de Janeiro, Don Manuel Lobo (1678-1679), para que fundase una fortificación en la margen izquierda de aquel río. De ese modo, con el apoyo de los comerciantes de Rio de Janiero, deseosos de consolidar sus ya expresivos negocios con la América Española. El 30 de octubre de 1679, Don Manuel Lobo partió para Santos, donde se ocupó en preparar la expedición. Esta partió a inicios de diciembre de aquel mismo año, alcanzando el estuario del Plata en Enero del año siguiente (1680).
Help
Fortification Visualization |
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• On fortification’s view page there are fortification name, its location (City, State, Country, Continent) and all other available data about it.
• First, you will see a window with a main text that contains the fortification’s history and other information about its project and construction, its buildings, works and other interventions all over the years, information about armaments and troops, interventions of archaeology, information about legal protection, relevant historical facts associated to this fortification and other information you think it is important. • Below text window, there is the Medias box: Interactive Map, Videos, Images, panoramics and CAD Designs. Click on border of the Media you want to view available content miniatures. Below, in this Help text, you can read about navigating between every different medias. Click on miniature to view it full size. This media is viewed at the same window that previously had the main text. Medias Box – Interactive Map: o An Interactive Map shows the fortification’s localization visualized by a satellite image. It is not a static picture but a dynamic one, which works with a Google MAP technology. You can go next and go back through the map with it, zoom in and zoom out, and view satellite pictures. o Click on correspondent border in medias box and on the link “Click here to view the Interactive Map of this fortification’s localization". o The Interactive Map shows viewed fortification’s geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude). There are three navigation ways: Map, Satellite and Hybrid. Use navigation commands to navigate through the map, moving to any direction you want. Still, you are able to move through the map by dragging cursor with left mouse button, always pressing it. o Click on “Return to text” option to close the map and go back to main fortification text. Medias Box – Vídeos: o To open videos, click on the correspondent border in medias box in order to load the miniatures with available files about this fortification. Use horizontal roll bar to show all available videos. o Click on video miniatures you want in order to load available information about it – they are showed at the same window which previously had the main text. o At the view window there are: video title, your identification number (ID), a description about its content, video credits, date of realization and user name who registered the file – can be fortification’s tutor or other contributor user (see below information about “Contributions” item). Click on contributor’s name to access available information about this user. o Beside these information, there is a frame icon with the file size (Kb). Click on frame icon to open and watch it. o On the base of the visualization’s window, you can access other available videos with Previous and Next commands. Between the two commands there are the total of available videos and the number of the video that you are watching. o Click on “Return to text” option in order to close the visualization window of videos and to go back to fortification main text. • Medias Box - Images: o To open Images (pictures, old iconographies: plans and maps), click on corresponding border in medias box, in order to load miniatures of available files about the fortification. Miniature images are the first to appear available in medias box when you access fortification page at the first time. Click on a miniature to visualize it bigger. The bigger image is visualized on the same window that was occupied by the main text. o When accessing images, first you will see only four miniatures, and beside, there is the number of available images about the fortification. o Click on Show All link to view the total of miniatures. o Use horizontal roll bar to show all available images and click on the miniature you want to load with its available information. o Click on Search link (Images border or miniatures box) to open a selective consult images form . o On Search Form for images it is possible to search for the identification number (ID); image classification category; key-word of image description; any word which is in image credits; the year of image realization, in this case, with the option of searching for a specific date or looking for images from before or after a specific date. o On visualization window, there are not only the image but: its title, its classification category, its identification number (ID), a description about its content, its realization date and credits, name of the user who registered it (publisher), can be fortification tutor or other contributor (see below information about “Contributions” item). Click on contributor’s name to access his available information. o Click on image, on visualization area, to open the original file on other window of your Web Browser, usually it is in a bigger size, with a better visualization. You can get the same result by clicking on " See image at original size" link. o Below visualization window, Previous and Next commands allow to access other available images. Between the two commands there are the total of available images and the number of the image that is being showed at the moment. o Click "Auto" to select this item option, going next automatically to an image from other. o Only for the users who are connected to fortalezas.org Website (logged in the restrict edition area), it is available an Edition option, with which the register Tutor can go straight to edition area in order to change registered data. o On top of page, the print icon opens a new window of your Web Browser, where you can print the page content that you are viewing. o Click on “Return to text” option and close the visualization window to go back to main text. • Medias Box - Panoramic: o To open Panoramic (photographic panorama in 360 degrees), click on corresponding border in medias box, in order to load miniatures of available files about the fortification. Use horizontal roll bar to show all Panoramic available. o Click on panoramic miniature wanted to load its available information which are at the same window previously busy by the main text. o On visualization window, there are not only the image but: its title, its classification category, its identification number (ID), a description about its content, its realization date and credits, name of the user who registered it (publisher), can be fortification tutor or other contributor (see below information about “Contributions” item). Click on contributor’s name to access his available information. Beside these information, there is a frame icon with the file size (KB). o Click on this frame to open it and see the panoramic. o Below visualization window, Previous and Next commands allow to access other available images. Between the two commands there are the total of available images and the number of the panoramic that is being showed at the moment. o Click on “Return to text” option and close the visualization window to go back to main text. • Medias Box – CAD Design: o To open CAD Design (DWG format of CAD file, as graphic survey registers, restoration projects etc), click on correspondent border in medias box, in order to load miniatures with available files about a fortification viewed. Use the horizontal roll bar to show all available CAD files. o Click on miniature wanted to load its available information which are at the same window previously busy by the main text. o On visualization window, there are: CAD Design title, its identification number (ID), a description about its content, design’s author credits, realization date, name of the user who registered it (publisher), can be fortification tutor or other contributor (see below information about “Contributions” item). Click on contributor’s name to access his available information. o Beside these information, there is a frame icon with the file size (KB). Click on frame icon to open and view the design (you must have Autocad installed in your computer or other software of DWG file visualization). o Below visualization window, Previous and Next commands allow to access other available designs. Between the two commands there are the total of available designs and the design number that is being showed at the moment. o Click on “Return to text” option and close the visualization window to go back to main text. • Below medias box, there are many inquiries with parameterized data about this fortification: Recent name, Other denominations, Type, Year of beginning etc. Parameterized data are those with which is possible to do researches on fortifications Search page. Researches can be done with each inquiry individually or by a combination of inquiries. • In “Project Author” and “Began in the governor of” is available a link to access the historical Character data listed there, forwarding to a section of fortalezas.org Website Characters. After this, use “Back” command and return to fortification visualization page. • Below parameterized data box there is an entitle box: Related Characters, where there are listed the name and the nationality (with an image) of historical characters related to the viewed fortification. Click on a name to view its information, forwarding to fortalezas.org Website Characters page. After this, use “Back” command and return to fortification visualization page. • Below related Characters box there is an entitled box: Related Bibliographies, where there are listed title, author and type (with an image) of those bibliographies related to the viewed fortification. Click on title to view its informations, forwarding to fortalezas.org Website Bibliographies page. After this, use “Back” Navigator command and return to fortification visualization page. • Below related Bibliographies box there is an entitled box: Related Links, where there are listed title, synopsis and websites (Links) internet address (URL) that are related to the viewed fortification. Click on link’s title or address forwarding to its website, that will be open in a new window. • Below Link box there is an entitled box: Related texts, where there are listed title, author and text summary posted in Forum section and which are related to the viewed fortification. Click on title to view its information, forwarding to fortalezas.org Website Characters page. After this, use “Back” command and return to fortification visualization page. • On top and base of page, the system informs the total results (registers), between parenthesis, and the number of the register that is being viewed. • On top and base of page, there are also available the commands to go Next and to go Back, from a text to other, between the results (registers) found in the previous search. • On top and base of page, it is available the “Listing” link to go back to the page with the other results (registers) found in the last research. • Below related texts box, there is a “Contributions” table, where there is Item Tutor’s name, who is responsible for fortification register. Below its name, there are listed other users name that contributed to tutor in edition, revision or adding information about this fortification. • Beside Tutor name you can see the date of the last update of fortification’s data. Beside Contributor name is the date when he last contributed. • Below “Medias” sub item there are listed users that contributed to Tutor, adding a media to this fortification: image, video, panoramic or CAD Design. Beside user name, the number between parentheses informs the quantity of media files added by this user. • Click on Tutor name or those names which are contributors in order to view their available information. • Only for the users who are connected to fortalezas.org Website (logged in the restrict edition area), it is available an Edition option, which the register Tutor can change registered contents, and others users can contribute with an additional information about this fortification. • On top of page, the print icon opens a new window of your Web Browser, where it can be print all fortification content that you are viewing. In this print will be listed medias data without their images. To print it, see below, Medias Box – Images item. |