O “Forte de Nossa Senhora de Monte Serrat” localiza-se na ponta de Monte Serrat, na cidade do Salvador, estado da Bahia, no Brasil.
História
No período colonial sucedeu ao primitivo Fortim de São Filipe na antiga ponta da Giquitaia, hoje de Monte Serrat, então limite norte da cidade, dominando a praia da Boa Viagem.
Sob o reinado de Pedro II de Portugal (1683-1706), o Governador-geral do Estado do Brasil, João de Lencastre (1694-1702), fez reedificar o primitivo fortim, em alvenaria de pedra e cal, com planta do engenheiro florentino Baccio da Filicaia. (GARRIDO, 1940:94) Os trabalhos foram concluídos em 1742, sob o governo do Vice-rei D. André de Melo e Castro (1735-1749).
Encontra-se representado em iconografia de José António Caldas ("Planta e prospeto do forte de N. Srª de Monserrate". In: Cartas topográficas contem as plantas e prospectos das fortalezas que defendem a cidade da Bahia de Todos os Santos e seu recôncavo por mar e terra, c. 1764. Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, Lisboa).
Também se encontra representado em iconografia de Carlos Julião, sob o nome de "1. Monserrate" (Elevaçam e fasada que mostra em prospeto pela marinha, a cidade de Salvador, Bahia de todos os Santos, 1779. Gabinete de Estudos Arqueológicos de Engenharia Militar, Lisboa), ilustrada com os desenhos de trajes típicos femininos.
O século XIX
SOUZA (1885), reporta que em 1809 estava artilhado com 9 peças. (Op. cit., p. 95) Acredita-se que esse autor tenha se baseado no "Parecer sobre a fortificação da Capital", do Brigadeiro José Gonçalves Leão, presidente da Junta encarregada pelo Governador da Bahia, naquele ano, de propor as obras necessárias para a defesa da península e do recôncavo. (ACCIOLI. Memórias Históricas da Bahia. Vol. VI. p. 179 e segs.) BARRETO (1958) discrimina essa artilharia como sendo 8 peças do calibre 18 libras e uma de 12 (op. cit., p. 177).
Durante a Sabinada (1837-1838), foi ocupado pelos revoltosos, que empregaram, para esse fim, o paquete Brasília, que fizeram artilhar com 2 peças. Em resposta, a Marinha Imperial enviou uma força de 60 fuzileiros navais, em 4 lanchas da fragata Imperial Marinheiro, que tentaram desembarcar na praia de Boa Viagem, a 13 de março de 1838, sendo repelidos por intenso fogo de artilharia e de fuzis. No dia seguinte, o forte sofreu um bloqueio naval pela própria Imperial Marinheiro, pela corveta Regeneração e pelo brigue Três de Maio. Ao mesmo tempo, por terra, um destacamento do Exército Brasileiro completou o cerco da posição, que, sob o fogo cruzado legalista, rendeu-se.
Foi visitado em 1859 pelo Imperador Pedro II do Brasil (1840-1889), que registrou em seu diário de viagem:
"28 de Outubro - (...) Daí [do Lazareto] fui ao forte de Monserrate que jaz abandonado, tendo se picado a inscrição que existia sobre o portão. Tem bela vista e o [engenheiro André] Przewodowski, que mora perto, disse que ninguém morreu ainda aí de febre amarela ou de cólera." (PEDRO II, 2003:161)
No contexto da Questão Christie (1862-1865), o "Relatório do Estado das Fortalezas da Bahia" ao Presidente da Província, datado de 3 de agosto de 1863, dá-o como reparado, citando:
"(...) Sua configuração é a dum hexágono com o desenvolvimento de 485 palmos, à barbeta e montando atualmente seis peças de calibre 18.
Está bem conservada, limpa e tem as acomodações precisas para o material e pessoal.
Deve-se, pois, considerar este Forte em estado de prestar os serviços que lhe são próprios; sendo somente de notar que não esteja armado com artilharia de maior calibre, como convém à sua posição e distância relativa aos outros fortes." (ROHAN, 1896:51, 60-61)
SOUZA (1885) computa-lhe 3 peças, desmontadas, com os parapeitos das muralhas em bom estado, à época (1885). (Op. cit., p. 95).
Do século XX aos nossos dias
O forte sofreu reparos em 1883 e, à época da Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918), em 1915, bem como trabalhos de restauração pelo Ministério da Guerra em 1926, executados por solicitação do então governador do estado da Bahia, Francisco Marques de Góis Calmon (1924-1928), que lhe preservaram as características originais. (GARRIDO, 1940:94)
O sítio histórico de Monte Serrat / Boa Viagem (igreja e forte) encontra-se tombado pelo Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional desde 1957. De acordo com BARRETO (1958), as instalações do forte eram ocupadas, à época, pelo SRMB da 6.ª Região Militar. (Op. cit., p. 177)
Na década de 1980 sediou a Seção Bahia da Liga de Amadores Brasileiros de Rádio Emissão. (SOUZA, 1983:169)
Administrado pela 6.ª Região Militar do Exército Brasileiro e restaurado, desde 1993 abriga o Museu da Armaria, expondo ao público diversas armas de fogo, inclusive canhões. A sua guarnição apresenta-se trajada com o uniforme histórico do 1.º Regimento de Infantaria da Bahia, dentro do projeto de revitalização das Fortalezas Históricas de Salvador, da Secretaria de Cultura e Turismo em parceria com o Exército.
Para os aficcionados da telecartofilia, a sua fachada e acesso ilustram um cartão telefônico da série Fortes de Salvador, emitida pela Telebahia em junho de 1998.
Integra a Lista Indicativa enviada pelo país à UNESCO em 2015, para concorrer ao título de Patrimônio Mundial, previsto para as comemorações do Bicentenário da Independência do Brasil (2022).
Características
Exemplar de arquitetura militar, abaluartado.
De acordo com a iconografia de José António Caldas (c. 1764), a sua estrutura apresentava planta no formato de um polígono hexagonal irregular, com parapeitos à barbeta e, nos vértices, guaritas circulares recobertas por cúpulas. No terrapleno, pelo lado do portão de acesso, observa-se uma edificação de dois pavimentos, abrigando as dependências de serviço (Casa de Comando, Quartel da Tropa, Casa da Palamenta, e outras), e a cisterna. Originalmente o seu acesso se dava por uma ponte levadiça entre a rampa e o terrapleno, e o Corpo da Guarda tinha, no pavimento térreo, dois quartéis flanqueando a entrada.
Uma placa comemorativa, do lado esquerdo do Portão de Armas, recorda aos visitantes:
“Aos 17 de julho / de 1624 foi / morto neste / sítio o gene / ral hollandez / João van Dorth / 19 IG+HB 38”
Help
Fortification Visualization |
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• On fortification’s view page there are fortification name, its location (City, State, Country, Continent) and all other available data about it.
• First, you will see a window with a main text that contains the fortification’s history and other information about its project and construction, its buildings, works and other interventions all over the years, information about armaments and troops, interventions of archaeology, information about legal protection, relevant historical facts associated to this fortification and other information you think it is important. • Below text window, there is the Medias box: Interactive Map, Videos, Images, panoramics and CAD Designs. Click on border of the Media you want to view available content miniatures. Below, in this Help text, you can read about navigating between every different medias. Click on miniature to view it full size. This media is viewed at the same window that previously had the main text. Medias Box – Interactive Map: o An Interactive Map shows the fortification’s localization visualized by a satellite image. It is not a static picture but a dynamic one, which works with a Google MAP technology. You can go next and go back through the map with it, zoom in and zoom out, and view satellite pictures. o Click on correspondent border in medias box and on the link “Click here to view the Interactive Map of this fortification’s localization". o The Interactive Map shows viewed fortification’s geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude). There are three navigation ways: Map, Satellite and Hybrid. Use navigation commands to navigate through the map, moving to any direction you want. Still, you are able to move through the map by dragging cursor with left mouse button, always pressing it. o Click on “Return to text” option to close the map and go back to main fortification text. Medias Box – Vídeos: o To open videos, click on the correspondent border in medias box in order to load the miniatures with available files about this fortification. Use horizontal roll bar to show all available videos. o Click on video miniatures you want in order to load available information about it – they are showed at the same window which previously had the main text. o At the view window there are: video title, your identification number (ID), a description about its content, video credits, date of realization and user name who registered the file – can be fortification’s tutor or other contributor user (see below information about “Contributions” item). Click on contributor’s name to access available information about this user. o Beside these information, there is a frame icon with the file size (Kb). Click on frame icon to open and watch it. o On the base of the visualization’s window, you can access other available videos with Previous and Next commands. Between the two commands there are the total of available videos and the number of the video that you are watching. o Click on “Return to text” option in order to close the visualization window of videos and to go back to fortification main text. • Medias Box - Images: o To open Images (pictures, old iconographies: plans and maps), click on corresponding border in medias box, in order to load miniatures of available files about the fortification. Miniature images are the first to appear available in medias box when you access fortification page at the first time. Click on a miniature to visualize it bigger. The bigger image is visualized on the same window that was occupied by the main text. o When accessing images, first you will see only four miniatures, and beside, there is the number of available images about the fortification. o Click on Show All link to view the total of miniatures. o Use horizontal roll bar to show all available images and click on the miniature you want to load with its available information. o Click on Search link (Images border or miniatures box) to open a selective consult images form . o On Search Form for images it is possible to search for the identification number (ID); image classification category; key-word of image description; any word which is in image credits; the year of image realization, in this case, with the option of searching for a specific date or looking for images from before or after a specific date. o On visualization window, there are not only the image but: its title, its classification category, its identification number (ID), a description about its content, its realization date and credits, name of the user who registered it (publisher), can be fortification tutor or other contributor (see below information about “Contributions” item). Click on contributor’s name to access his available information. o Click on image, on visualization area, to open the original file on other window of your Web Browser, usually it is in a bigger size, with a better visualization. You can get the same result by clicking on " See image at original size" link. o Below visualization window, Previous and Next commands allow to access other available images. Between the two commands there are the total of available images and the number of the image that is being showed at the moment. o Click "Auto" to select this item option, going next automatically to an image from other. o Only for the users who are connected to fortalezas.org Website (logged in the restrict edition area), it is available an Edition option, with which the register Tutor can go straight to edition area in order to change registered data. o On top of page, the print icon opens a new window of your Web Browser, where you can print the page content that you are viewing. o Click on “Return to text” option and close the visualization window to go back to main text. • Medias Box - Panoramic: o To open Panoramic (photographic panorama in 360 degrees), click on corresponding border in medias box, in order to load miniatures of available files about the fortification. Use horizontal roll bar to show all Panoramic available. o Click on panoramic miniature wanted to load its available information which are at the same window previously busy by the main text. o On visualization window, there are not only the image but: its title, its classification category, its identification number (ID), a description about its content, its realization date and credits, name of the user who registered it (publisher), can be fortification tutor or other contributor (see below information about “Contributions” item). Click on contributor’s name to access his available information. Beside these information, there is a frame icon with the file size (KB). o Click on this frame to open it and see the panoramic. o Below visualization window, Previous and Next commands allow to access other available images. Between the two commands there are the total of available images and the number of the panoramic that is being showed at the moment. o Click on “Return to text” option and close the visualization window to go back to main text. • Medias Box – CAD Design: o To open CAD Design (DWG format of CAD file, as graphic survey registers, restoration projects etc), click on correspondent border in medias box, in order to load miniatures with available files about a fortification viewed. Use the horizontal roll bar to show all available CAD files. o Click on miniature wanted to load its available information which are at the same window previously busy by the main text. o On visualization window, there are: CAD Design title, its identification number (ID), a description about its content, design’s author credits, realization date, name of the user who registered it (publisher), can be fortification tutor or other contributor (see below information about “Contributions” item). Click on contributor’s name to access his available information. o Beside these information, there is a frame icon with the file size (KB). Click on frame icon to open and view the design (you must have Autocad installed in your computer or other software of DWG file visualization). o Below visualization window, Previous and Next commands allow to access other available designs. Between the two commands there are the total of available designs and the design number that is being showed at the moment. o Click on “Return to text” option and close the visualization window to go back to main text. • Below medias box, there are many inquiries with parameterized data about this fortification: Recent name, Other denominations, Type, Year of beginning etc. Parameterized data are those with which is possible to do researches on fortifications Search page. Researches can be done with each inquiry individually or by a combination of inquiries. • In “Project Author” and “Began in the governor of” is available a link to access the historical Character data listed there, forwarding to a section of fortalezas.org Website Characters. After this, use “Back” command and return to fortification visualization page. • Below parameterized data box there is an entitle box: Related Characters, where there are listed the name and the nationality (with an image) of historical characters related to the viewed fortification. Click on a name to view its information, forwarding to fortalezas.org Website Characters page. After this, use “Back” command and return to fortification visualization page. • Below related Characters box there is an entitled box: Related Bibliographies, where there are listed title, author and type (with an image) of those bibliographies related to the viewed fortification. Click on title to view its informations, forwarding to fortalezas.org Website Bibliographies page. After this, use “Back” Navigator command and return to fortification visualization page. • Below related Bibliographies box there is an entitled box: Related Links, where there are listed title, synopsis and websites (Links) internet address (URL) that are related to the viewed fortification. Click on link’s title or address forwarding to its website, that will be open in a new window. • Below Link box there is an entitled box: Related texts, where there are listed title, author and text summary posted in Forum section and which are related to the viewed fortification. Click on title to view its information, forwarding to fortalezas.org Website Characters page. After this, use “Back” command and return to fortification visualization page. • On top and base of page, the system informs the total results (registers), between parenthesis, and the number of the register that is being viewed. • On top and base of page, there are also available the commands to go Next and to go Back, from a text to other, between the results (registers) found in the previous search. • On top and base of page, it is available the “Listing” link to go back to the page with the other results (registers) found in the last research. • Below related texts box, there is a “Contributions” table, where there is Item Tutor’s name, who is responsible for fortification register. Below its name, there are listed other users name that contributed to tutor in edition, revision or adding information about this fortification. • Beside Tutor name you can see the date of the last update of fortification’s data. Beside Contributor name is the date when he last contributed. • Below “Medias” sub item there are listed users that contributed to Tutor, adding a media to this fortification: image, video, panoramic or CAD Design. Beside user name, the number between parentheses informs the quantity of media files added by this user. • Click on Tutor name or those names which are contributors in order to view their available information. • Only for the users who are connected to fortalezas.org Website (logged in the restrict edition area), it is available an Edition option, which the register Tutor can change registered contents, and others users can contribute with an additional information about this fortification. • On top of page, the print icon opens a new window of your Web Browser, where it can be print all fortification content that you are viewing. In this print will be listed medias data without their images. To print it, see below, Medias Box – Images item. |